Lift and Escalator codes

https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/manifest.etd.25.html

Barrier Free Design

The term ‘ambulant disabled’ refers to people with a wide range of
disabilities who are not regular wheelchair users. This could include,
for example, people who have diabetes, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis
or cancer.

non ambulant disabled- wheelchair users

Architectural Movements

International Style

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)

Bauhaus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus

Avant Garde

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde

Post-modernism (micheal graves, robert venturi(less is bore))

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism#Architecture

Arts and Crafts Movement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement

Art Nouveau

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau

Earthquake Terminology

Focus: The geographical point on the earths surface vertically above the originating source.
Epicentre: The originating source of the seismic wavesinside the earth
Centre of mass: The point corresponding to the centre of gravity of a structural system
Centre of Stiffness: the point through which the resultant forces of a structural system act

http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/IITK-GSDMA/EBB_001_30May2013.pdf

Traffic and Transportation Planning

Sighting Distance : The length of road ahead of vehicle which should be visible to enable a driver to stop in case of an obstruction on the road.

Stopping Distance: Distance covered by a vehicle from the instant a driver sees an obstruction ahead and brings the vehicle to a stop.

Overtaking Sight Distance: Distance required by a vehicle to overtake and pass another vehicle moving in the same direction but at a lower speed.

Fundamental Parameters of Traffic Flow

http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105101087/downloads/Lec-30.pdf

Transportation Forcasting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_forecasting

PERT/CPM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Evaluation_and_Review_Technique

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_path_method

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantt_chart

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DdDzybQ_9vM

Materials and Structural Systems

Grades of Cement

M33

M43

M53

33, 43, 53 indicate the 28 day compressive strength of cement

Concrete Proportions

M 5-    1: 5:10 (cement: fine agg: coarse aggregate)

M 7.5- 1: 4: 8

M10-   1:3:6

M 15-  1: 2: 4

M 20-  1: 1.5: 3

M 25-  1 : 1: 2

Trusses

http://web.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/statics/doc/trusses/trusses1.pdf

Plumbing Systems and Water supply

Systems of Plumbing:

http://civilatwork.blogspot.in/2013/03/building-drainage-systems-of-plumbing.html

Hazen -Williams Formula

used for pipes larger than 2" and smaller than 6' in dia

v = 1.32.Ch.R^0.63.S^0.54

v= average velocity ft/s

Ch=Hazen Williams Coefficient

R=Hydraulic radius of flow conduit(ft)

s=ratio of hL/L, energy loss/head lenghth of conduit(ft/ft)

in SI Units

v = 0.85.Ch.R^0.63.S^0.54

v= average velocity(m/s)

Ch=Hazen Williams Coefficient

R=Hydraulic radius of flow conduit(m)

s=ratio of hL/L, energy loss/head lenghth of conduit(m/m)

Volume flow rate Q= Av

Intelligent Buildings/Building Automation Systems/High Tech Architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_automation

Building automation describes the advanced functionality provided by the control system of a building. A building automation system (BAS) is an example of a distributed control system. The control system is a computerized, intelligent network of electronic devices designed to monitor and control the mechanical, electronics, and lighting systems in a building.^[1]

BAS core functionality keeps the building climate within a specified range, provides lighting based on an occupancy schedule, monitors system performance and device failures, and provides malfunction alarms (via email and/or text notifications) to building engineering/maintenance staff. The BAS functionality reduces building energy and maintenance costs when compared to a non-controlled building. A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to as an intelligent building or a smart home.

High Tech Architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-tech_architecture

Smart Glass

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_glass

Visual and Urban Design

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_del_Campo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_del_Popolo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_de_la_Concorde

Proxemics theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxemics

Defensible Space Theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensible_space_theory

Thermal Comfort

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comfort

http://faculty.arch.utah.edu/young/TEACHING/ARCH4350F09/RR3_BioclimaticChart.pdf

Venturi Effect: It is essentially about looking at design in volumes i.e. when you force a wind to move into a narrow opening and expand into a larger volume, the effect can be quite incredible. This design strategy creates what is referred to as wind tunnels and keeps the living spaces cool and airy." In fact this idea always works irrespective of the predominant wind direction"

Stack Effect: Stack effect is the movement of air into and out of buildings, chimneys, flue gas stacks, or other containers, and is driven by buoyancy. Buoyancy occurs due to a difference in indoor-to-outdoor air density resulting from temperature and moisture differences. The result is either a positive or negative buoyancy force. The greater the thermal difference and the height of the structure, the greater the buoyancy force, and thus the stack effect. The stack effect is also referred to as the "chimney effect", and it helps drive natural ventilation, infiltration and fires.

Formulals, Conversions and Data required to solve gate problems

Conversions

1litre= .001 cubic meter
1m^3=1000litres
1BTU(british thermal unit) = 1055 joules
1 btu/hr=3.412 joules/s

Area 
100 cents = 1 Acre
1 Acre = 4840 sq yards
1 yard = 3' or 36"
1 cents = 435.60 sq ft
1 sq. m = 10.76 sq. ft

1 Acre= 4047 sq m
2,47 cents = 1 are(100 sq meter)
2.47 acres = 1 hectare(10,000 sq meters)

Fibonacci series

Fn= Fn-1 + Fn-2

0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21....

Golden Ratio

Slope/ Gradient
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)

Contour interval: the difference in altitude represented by the space between two contour lines on a map

PERT- Te(expected time)= (O +4M + P)/6 where O=optimistic time, M= most likely time, P=pessimistic time.
V(variance)=( (P-O)/6)^2
Project variance= sum of variances along the critical path
Standard deviation = sq root of variance

unit mass of reinforced concrete= 2400kg/m3
unit wt of reinfirced concrete= 2400 * 10(9.8)N/m3
density of steel = 7850kg/m3

BM and SF diagram

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0DghZBR-AU

Hooks Law, Young;s Modulus, Bulk Modulus, Poisson's Ratio

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMmOMLstGm0

Scale of Aerial Photograph = Focal length/ Altitude above Ground level

Forecasting Population

Arithmatic method

dP/dt = Ka

P = P₁ + K_a (t - t₁)  

            P = population

            t = time

            K_a = arithmetic growth constant

Geometric method

dP/dt= K_gP

lnP = lnP₁ + K_g (t - t₁)

K_g =lnP2-lnP1/t2-t1  = ln[P2/P1]/t2-t1

            P = population

            t = time

            K_g = geometric growth constant

            Note: lim (1+K)^1/K = e = 2.718… base of the natural logarithms

                        K®0

1 lux = 1 lumen/sq meter
lux is the unit of illuminance
 Flux= illumination required(lux) x surface area(sq m)
Flux(lumen output)(received)= MF(maintenance factor) x UF(utilization factor) x Flux(installed)
depreciation factor = reciprocal of maintenance factor
lux=candela/d^2
cd(candela) = lm(lumen) / ( 2π(1 - cos(º/2)) )
for isotrophic light source(all directions), lumen = candela x 4x22/7
http://www.compuphase.com/electronics/candela_lumen.htm

Room Index(RI)= Lx W/[Hm x (L+W)]
Hm=mounting height

Spacing to height ratio SHR=  1/Hm x[ (A/N)^ 1/2]

Acoustics

T(reverbaration time in seconds)=  .161x V(volume in m3)/A(sound absorption power in m2-sabine = area x coeffcient of absorption)

Lp = 20 log 10(Prms/Pref) dB

Lp2 = Lp1 + 20 log10(r1/r2)

lp-sound pressure
sound level- 10 log 10(Prms/Pref) dB

Norris Eyring Formula

Lp= Lw-10.log4πr2

The handling capacity(lifts) is calculated by the
formula: H= 3OOxQx100 /TXP
where
H = handling capacity as the percentage of the peak population handled during 5 min period,
Q = average number of passengers carried in a car,
T = waiting interval, and
P = total population to be handled during peak morning period. (It is related to the area served by a particular bank of lifts.)

The value of ‘Q’ depends on the dimensions of the car. It may be noted that the car is not loaded always to its maximum capacity during each trip and, therefore, for calculating ‘H” the value of ‘Q’ is taken as 80 percent of the maximum carrying capacity of the car.

The waiting interval is calculated by the formula:
 T= RTT/N
iv
where
T = waiting interval;
N = number of lifts, and
RTT= round trip time, that is, the average time required by each lift in taking one full load of passengers from ground floor, discharging them in various upper floors and coming back to ground floor for taking fresh passengers for the next trip.

Thermal transmittance, also known as U-value, is the rate of transfer of heat (in watts) through one square metre of a structure divided by the difference in temperature across the structure. It is expressed in watts per metres squared kelvin, or W/m²K. Well-insulated parts of a building have a low thermal transmittance whereas poorly insulated parts of a building have a high thermal transmittance.

Φ = A × U × (T₁ - T₂)

where Φ is the heat transfer in watts, U is the thermal transmittance, T₁ is the temperature on one side of the structure, T₂ is the temperature on the other side of the structure and A is the area in square metres.

The formula for ventilation heat loss is:

Q = N . V . Sp.ht . dt

Where;
Q = heat loss (Watts) (W) 
N = Number of air changes per hour. An air change is one room volume.
V = Room volume (m3) 
Sp.ht. = Specific heat factor for air. This is found from the following formula. 
Sp. Ht. Factor = ( Specific heat capacity of air x 1000 to convert from kJ to Joules x density of air ) / 3600 to convert from hr to secs.
Sp. Ht. Factor = (1.01 x 1000 x 1.2 ) / ( 3600 )
Sp. Ht. Factor = 0.34 
dt = temperature difference between inside and outside (oC)


Duct cross sectional area A(m2)= q(air flow rate m3/s)/v(air speed m/s)

Traffic formulas

q(flow=no vehicles /time)=1/h(time headway=time between rear bumper to rear bumper)
 density k=n/distance(number of vehicles occupying a given lengthnof highway

distance headway= distance between corresponding points in two successive vehicles
k(density)=1/s(distance headway)

Plumbing and Water Supply

Hazen -Williams Formula

used for pipes larger than 2" and smaller than 6' in dia

v = 1.32.Ch.R^0.63.S^0.54

v= average velocity ft/s

Ch=Hazen Williams Coefficient

R=Hydraulic radius of flow conduit(ft)

s=ratio of hL/L, energy loss/head lenghth of conduit(ft/ft)

in SI Units

v = 0.85.Ch.R^0.63.S^0.54

v= average velocity(m/s)

Ch=Hazen Williams Coefficient

R=Hydraulic radius of flow conduit(m)

s=ratio of hL/L, energy loss/head lenghth of conduit(m/m)

Volume flow rate Q= Av

Ammortisation formula for sinking fund

Compound Interest

r= rate of interest as decimal

n= no of times interest is compounded in ayear

t= no of years

 

Indian Architecture

Khajuraho Style

http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/picturepages/Khajuraho/architecture.html

Dravidian Architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_architecture


Hoysala Architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_architecture

Himalayan Style
http://www.kamit.jp/05_wooden/4_himalaya/him_eng.htm

Sun Temple Konark

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple

Madurai Meenakshi Temple

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenakshi_Amman_Temple

Dilwara Temples

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilwara_Temples

Pancha Rathas, Mammallapuram

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancha_Rathas

Shore Temple, Mammalapuram

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_Temple

Settlement Hierarchy

1.Griha-house
2.Grama-village
3.Palli- settlement of wild tribes
4.kheta- a place fortified by a mud wall or by a river or hill surrounding it

khetaka- hamlet

5.kharvata- market town, a poor town surrounded by a low wall, while according to kautilya-centre of union of 200 villages
6.dronamukha- a town with a harbour like ...centre of union of 400 villages

durga- citadel

7.pattana,pura- a large town or centre of trade/a mart for precious metals or a mining centre

8.matamba- open town associated with a cluster of 10,000 villages/fortified place in which produce from the field was deposited for safe custody
9.nagara- a town exempted from paying any of the 18 taxes levied on a village

10.rajadhani-capital

shakanagara- suburb

11.nigama-settlement of merchants

agraharam- brahmin quarter of village
12.samvatta-kotta- a fortified place or refuge

Ancient Indian Settlements

http://www.slideshare.net/ctlachu/ancient-system-of-town-planning-in-india

Landscape

The dripline is the guide measurement used to prevent unnecessary damage to treesduring construction works. It is defined as the outermost circumference of the tree'scanopy, from which water drips onto the ground. The 'dripline area' is taken to include the soil and roots that lie within that circumference

Xeriscaping is landscaping and gardening that reduces or eliminates the need for supplemental water from irrigation

A swale is a shallow channel with gently sloping sides. A swale may be either natural or human created. Artificial swales are often infiltration basins, designed to manage water runoff, filter pollutants, and increase rainwater infiltration

Delonix Regia- gul mohar
Casia Fistula- Amaltas(konna poovu)
Tectona  Grandis - Teak
Mimusops Elengi- "elanji-malayalam, spanish cherry, medlar,bullet wood, maulsari-hindi
Dalbergia siso- Indian Rosewood(deciduos) sheesham

wedelia trilobata-  creeper/ groundcover


Ixora coccinea- jungle geranium-Chethi poovu
Ixora Chinensis-chetti poovu chinese variety
Jasminum Augustifolium- jasmine
bignonia magnifica- purple bignonia-climber

Japanese Gardens
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_garden

Mughal Gardens

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_gardens

Chinese Gardens

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_garden

 Japanese vs Chinese Gardens

http://www.gardeningclan.com/japanese-gardens-chinese-gardens.html

French garden

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_formal_garden

English Garden- (invented by William Kent and Charles Bridgeman)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_landscape_garden

Important buildings

compare and study the domes in the following four buildings

Pantheon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome

Hagia Sophia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia

Florence Cathedral
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Cathedral

St Peters Rome
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter's_Basilica

Pizza del Campidoglio

http://www.rome.info/squares/piazza-del-campidoglio/

HSBC Builing- Norman Foster

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC_Building_(Hong_Kong)

Lloyd's Building- Richard Rogers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd's_building

Principles of City Planning

Urban Pattern

An urban pattern is the geometry, regular or irregular, formed by routes, open spaces and buildings. 

Grain  is the degree of fineness or coarseness in an urban area. Texture  is the degree of mixture of fine and coarse elements

Urban Planning Movements

City Beautiful Movement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Beautiful_movement

Garden City movement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_city_movement

Urban Planning Theories

Sector theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_model

Multiple Nuclei Theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_nuclei_model

Neighbourhood theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbourhood_unit

Central Place Theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_place_theory

Concentric Zone Theory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentric_zone_model

Theories of Economic Growth

http://books.google.co.in/books?id=6ovflNH98oEC&pg=PA138&lpg=PA138&dq=export+base+model+by+douglas+c.+north&source=bl&ots=TibJ1drAKm&sig=Xp3jvQ16QXdFysvgkZPn-3jMoFg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=U3ClUqmZHImWiQeU4IDADA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=export%20base%20model%20by%20douglas%20c.%20north&f=false

read chapter 6 from the above google book. you can buy a copy too. helpful for gate planning questions

Input output Analyses

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model

City Shapes

Grid Iron

Washington DC

Chandigarh

Mohen-jo Daro
Tokyo
Los Angeles

  

Radial/Spideweb/radio concentric/ring

New Delhi

Finger Plan/Star

Copenhagen

Core Form-dense vital center
Dallas

Linear

Mumbai, Stalingrad
Broadacre

Galaxy[multi nuclei]
Ohio, North Germany

Ring Form

Holland, San Francisco

Polycentered Net(widespread with differentiated foci)

Detroit

Architect-Planners

Hippodamus- Father of urban planning

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodamus_of_Miletus

Leon Battisda Alberti

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti#Study_of_perspective

Sir Patrick Abercombie

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Abercrombie

Sir Patrick Geddes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Geddes

Lewis Mumford(technology, technics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Mumford

Constantine Doxiadis(ekistics-nature, anthrops, society, shells and network)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinos_Apostolou_Doxiadis

Paolo Soleri (Arcosanti/Arcology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Soleri

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcology

Ebenezer Howard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard

Le Corbusier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville_Radieuse

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d%E2%80%99Habitation

Arturo Soria Y Mata (Linear City)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Soria_y_Mata

Architectural Terminology

General

Squinch: a straight or arched structure across an interior angle of a square tower to carry a superstructure such as a dome.

Prehistoric

dolmen: also known as a portal tomb, portal grave, or quoit, is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of three or more upright stones supporting a large flat horizontal capstone (table), although there are also more complex variants. Most date from the early Neolithic period (4000 to 3000 BC). Dolmens were usually covered with earth or smaller stones to form a barrow, though in many cases that covering has weathered away, leaving only the stone "skeleton" of the burial mound intact.

Menhir (French, from Middle Breton: men, "stone" and hir, "long"[1]), standing stone, orthostat, or lith is a large upright standing stone. Menhirs may be found singly as monoliths, or as part of a group of similar stones. Their size can vary considerably, but their shape is generally uneven and squared, often tapering towards the top. Menhirs are widely distributed across Europe, Africa and Asia, but are most numerous in Western Europe; in particular in Ireland, Great Britain and Brittany. There are about 50,000 megaliths in these areas,[2] while there are 1,200 menhirs in northwest France alone.[3] Standing stones are usually difficult to date, but pottery found underneath some in Atlantic Europe connects them with the Beaker people. They were constructed during many different periods across pre-history, erected as part of a larger megalithic culture that flourished in Europe and beyond.


Islamic Architecture

Mehrab: A niche in the wall of a mosque or a room in the mosque that indicates the direction of Mecca.

Muqarnas: An architectural ornamentation reminiscent of stalactites, muqarnas developed around the middle of the 10th century in northeastern Iran and almost simultaneously — but seemingly independently — in central North Africa; they take the form of small pointed niches, stacked in tiers which project beyond lower tiers, commonly constructed of brick, stone, stucco, or wood, clad with painted tiles, wood, or plaster, and are typically applied todomes, pendentives, cornices, squinches and the undersides of arches and vaults.

Egyptian Architecture

Mastaba:  is a type of ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with outward sloping sides that marked the burial site of many eminent Egyptians of Egypt's ancient period. Mastabas were constructed out of mud-bricks (from the Nile River) or stone. In the Old Kingdom, kings began to be buried in pyramids instead of mastabas, although non-royal use of mastabas continued for more than a thousand years.

Pylon is the Greek term for a monumental gateway of an Egyptian temple (Egyptian bxn.t in the Manuel de Codage transliteration[1]). It consists of two tapering towers, each surmounted by a cornice, joined by a less elevated section which enclosed the entrance between them.[2] The entrance was generally about half the height of the towers. Contemporary paintings of pylons show them with long poles flying banners.

Roman

In ancient Rome, Thermae (from Greek thermos, "hot") and balnea (Greek βαλανείον, balaneion) were facilities for bathing. Thermae usually refers to the large imperial bath complexes, while balneae were smaller-scale facilities, public or private, that existed in great numbers throughout Rome.

Brick Shapes

Wood Section

Door Terminology

Window Terminology

Window Types

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window#Types

Arch Terminology

Cloister

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister

Barrel Vault

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_vault

Cloister Vault

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister_vault

Conical Vault

http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/conical+vault

Groin vault

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groin_vault

Rampant Vault

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Rampant+vault

List of Vaults

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_architectural_vaults

eg of igneous rock

granite

metamorphic rock

marble, slate

sedimentary

limestone, sandstone

PlatonicSolids

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_solid